The Federal League Of Baseball - 1376 Words

The Federal Baseball Club was a member of the Federal League of Baseball Players. This case was often called the Federal Baseball Ruling (Baseball-reference). It was believed that the National League of Professional Baseball Club and the American League of Professional Baseball Club conspired to monopolize the business of Professional Baseball by buying out members of the Federal League and by telling the members of the Federal League to leave. Monopolize is defined as either a group or organization that obtain exclusive possession or control. The federal league declared to be a third major league, having competition with the national league and the American league in 1914 (Baseball-reference). While competing for players and bringing in†¦show more content†¦Having 80,000.00 of damages, then it tripled to $240,000.00 under the Clayton Act. The Court of Appeals reversed the verdict saying that baseball was not a subject to the Sherman Act, stating because it didn’t con stitute a form of interstate commerce (Baseball-reference). Curtis Charles Flood was born on January 18th, 1938 in Houston, Texas. He was youngest of six children. When Flood was nine, he joined the Junior Sweet Shop team. His coach was George Powles. His coach taught a lot of talented baseball players who went to the major leagues. After graduating from high school he signed a contract to play for the Cincinnati Redlegs, for $4000.00. Racisms was a problem back then. While headed to training camp, Flood was rushed out of a side door at the hotel he was staying, and was made to stay at a boarding house, where blacks were housed (sabr.org). Curt Flood filed a suit in a federal court in New York, against Bowie Kuhn, a commissioner. The president of the American and National Leagues and all twenty-four Major League Baseball Teams. The Cardinals traded Flood to the Philadelphia Phillies in October 1969. Flood then wrote a letter to Kuhn later that year, saying the leagues players were r eserve clause. A reserve clause was part of a player’s contract that said upon the contract, the right for the players was to be retained by the team. The player had to either negotiate a new contract to play another year, or ask to be released or traded for another team. KuhnShow MoreRelatedThe Pros And Cons Of Professional Athletes782 Words   |  4 Pagesprotect, such as revenue sharing with owners, player rights, and other salary issues. In North America, there are four major professional sports leagues, the National Hockey League (NHL), Major League Baseball (MLB), the National Basketball Association (NBA), and the National Football League (NFL), collectively known as the â€Å"Big Four†. Each of these leagues has a players’ association, which much like a labour association, protects the interests of its employees. Just as some labour associations areRead MoreMEDIATION ANALYSIS ESSAY – 1994-95 MAJOR BASEBALL LEAGUE STRIKE MSgt ANGELA SANDERS AIR FORCE1300 Words   |  6 PagesMAJOR BASEBALL LEAGUE STRIKE MSgt ANGELA SANDERS AIR FORCE SENIOR NONCOMMISSIONED OFFICER ACADEMY DECEMBER 2, 2014 INSTRUCTOR: SMSgt THOMAS HOLMES How could baseball team owners lose $580 million in revenue and baseball players lose $230 million in salary pay in one year? The 1994-95 Major Baseball League 232 day strike lead to millions of dollars lost and millions of fans frustrated by what they say was an act of war. The mediation between Major League BaseballRead MoreJackie Robinson And Curt Flood1237 Words   |  5 Pagesvariety of sports in this country, one stands out as the most â€Å"American.† Baseball has long been regarded as America’s national pastime and it remains the single sport which mirrors society and pushes it forward more than any other. Football and basketball have risen to great prominence within the United States, but they cannot match baseball for its history, its diversity, and its growth with the nation from coast to coast. Baseball also offers heroism and an everyday working class style that are notRead MoreThe Sport Of Baseball : America s Favorite Pastime1093 Words    |  5 PagesThe sport of baseball, otherwise known as â€Å"America’s favorite pastime†, has reportedly been around since the 17th century. It has had its ups and downs like every other sport, but the crazy history of how it came about is quite extensive. Having to find new players that no one would think of to play and eventually having the first ever World Series; the sport has changed throughout time. The beginning of baseball can be accredited to Thomas Wilson who was a conformist leader in England. WilsonRead MoreEssay about Media Sports: How did Baseball get Affected by Steroids?1246 Words   |  5 Pagesways. This can be seen in America’s national pastime baseball. Baseball is a sport that became the national sport in the United States in the late 19th century. From the beginning of the sport they tried to keep the highest standards to each player and ball club. There were times of scandal, but of all the things that happen to baseball substance abuse has been portrayed as one of the worst thing a player could do. To defame the baseball was to ruin everything the sport stood for. This researchRead MoreA Procative Approach To Improving Minor League Baseball Compensation995 Words   |  4 Pages Under the protection of Major League Baseball’s (â€Å"MLB†) longtime antitrust exemption, Minor League Baseball (â€Å"MiLB†) has continuously redefined and reshaped itself according to Baseball’s overall needs. But while MLB salaries have increased dramatically since the MLB reserve clause was broken in 1975, the salaries of minor league players have not followed suit. On February 7, 2014, a group of minor league players led by former minor leaguer Aaron Senne filed a class action complaint againstRead MoreAmerica s National Pastime Of Baseball Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesSince its grand entry in the 19th century, baseball has evolved to be one of the most popular sport nationally and to be known as America’s national pastime. This multibillion dollar industry attracts millions of fans worldwide throughout different regions. The origin of baseball is believed to have evolved from a ball-and-bat game called Seker-Hemant played by ancient Egyptians dating as far back as 2,500 BCE. Fast-forwarding time, modern day baseball began with the formation of the Cincinnati RedRead MoreWrigley Field: Past and Present Essay1053 Words   |  5 PagesWrigley Field has been the center of baseball for the north side of Chicago and will be for many years in the future. Wrigley Field was built in 1914. Wrigley Field was designed by Zachary Taylor Davis for a federal league team, the Chicago Whales. When the park was first built it was called Wheeghman Park because the owner of the whale’s last name was Wheeghman. The ballpark originally held 20,000 spectators in 1914. In 1915 the Federal League ended and in 1918 Wheeghman purchasedRead More1999 Baseball Umpires Resignation919 Words   |  4 PagesThe Major League Umpires Association (MLUA) was the union that represented Major League Umpires from 1970 to 1999. The MLUA ended up being decertified and replaced by the World Umpires Association (WUA) when Richie Phillips, the head of the MLUA since 1978 and known for his combative, antagonistic style, announced in July 1999 that 57 of the league’s 66 MLUA members would submit resignations effective September 2nd. Richie Phillips assumption that the threat of the resignation of the umpires wouldRead MoreThe Little League Of The Baseball Cap1599 Words   |  7 Pagesin sports, especially baseball. In 1939 Little League Baseball was founded for anyone between the ages of 5 and 18; leading with their motto Courage, Character, and Loyalty. This idea of courage was especially true in the year 1950, when Kathryn Johnston tucker her hair under her baseba ll cap, took on the nickname â€Å"Tubby† and posed as a boy for her local teams tryouts. It was not until after she made the team that Kathryn revealed her true identity, leaving the local league no choice but to allow

An Increase Of Teenage Female Offender s Joining The...

Over the past decade there has been an increase of teenage female offender’s joining the juvenile justice system. The number continues to the rise throughout both violent and non-violent offenses. This is a huge change from the population only a decade ago, the change in gender roles through society is partly the reason for this change however, there are several other reasons that contribute the growing population. In female juvenile offenders there tends to be high occurrence of emotional and mental illness that relate to aggressive and antisocial behavior. There is also a theme of poverty, single parent’s or abuse in early childhood of offenders. The combination of these issue contribute to problem behavior syndrome, making these girls more susceptible to a risky lifestyle. Additionally the risk of criminal involvement increase the earlier a girl start’s to display antisocial or deviant behavior. In the life course theory there transitions that occur in a pers on’s life as a part of growing up and developing like many other social theories on crime, it is the family relationship’s that guide these transitions to take place accordingly. If these transitions are not properly guided or become disrupted it can lead to criminal behavior in the child. Likewise, children in poverty or who have altered family dynamics are more likely to experience these disruption’s to their transitions. The time of transitions is very important to development the previous transition provide aShow MoreRelatedWhat Are the Major Issues That Cause Inner City Youth to Join Gangs and Become Delinquent? Discuss Whether the New Labour Government’s Policies Have Been Effective in Solving These Issues?8138 Words   |  33 Pagesrelation to youth delinquency. It will also prevent the media and political commentators from exaggerating the problem by the use of stereo types. In the ‘Delinquent youth groups and offending behaviour: findings from the 2004 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey’, Home Office online report the following definition of ‘delinquent youth group’ (DYG) is used: â€Å"†¢ Young people who spend time in groups of three or more (including themselves). †¢ The group spend a lot of time in public places. †¢ The groupRead MoreChildren in Conflict to the Law12401 Words   |  50 Pagesand to person having custody of the child. There are three types of delinquency: the first type is environment delinquent, they are usually occasional law breakers. The second type is emotionally maladjusted delinquents they are the type of offender that they could not avoid or escape from and the third type is the psychiatric delinquent related to serious emotional disturbances in the family or associated to mentally ill tendencies. Cited in Franciso Zulueta, Dolores Liwag â€Å"Social problemsRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Yoyoyo Free Essays

Choose one of the following project menu options to work on with your team. Be prepared to provide your second and third choice of project. The rubric that will be used to grade the finished product is also Included to gulled you in completing your project. We will write a custom essay sample on Yoyoyo or any similar topic only for you Order Now The project will be due in class on Monday, October 20 and pre-checked on October 17, Friday. Options 1 and 2 Create a 3-D model of a Eukaryotic Cell belonging too Plant (option 1) or Animal (option 2). Length and height are not shorter than 8. Depth is not shorter than . . Your model must include all of the basic parts of the cell you choose as well as all organelles. In addition, you must label or provide a key to all parts and organelles so that they are clearly identifiable. You also need to include a written explanation of what organelles are represented and why you chose the materials you did to make each organelle or cell part. Recommended materials include (but are not limited to) non-perishables such as Styrofoam, wood, cardboard, plastic, pasta, beans, etc. Your finished product may be freestanding but stable. Critical thinking and creativity are required Options 3 and 4 Design and create a movie (option 3) or cartoon storyboard (option 4) that depicts the adventures of an explorer Inside a cell. Choose one of the two types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant or Animal. Your storyboard should be Illustrated using color and should be presented on pasteboard. In Dalton to illustrations, you need to Include detailed descriptions of what is going on in each picture. You can be creative but remember that you must focus on how the cell parts and organelle function as your explorer experiences or interacts with them. Creativity and humor are encouraged Options 5 and 6 Design a travel brochure that describes a cell as though it were a large exhibit, attraction, an amusement park, cruise ship, or any other self-contained location with lots to do and lots of activities going on inside. Choose one of the two major types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant (option 5)or Animal (option 6). You must create an analogy for all of the parts and organelles found in the cell type that you choose, making sure that your analogies are relevant to the location. (Example If a cell Is Like an amusement park, then the nucleus might be the park headquarters, etc. ) In your brochure, you will draw, describe, and explain the functions of cell parts and organelles. You may use gained cutouts or pictures from the Internet as long as they are clear and accurate. Make sure your brochure is eye catching and interesting, colorful but informative Humor and creativity are required. Options 7 Choreograph and perform an original song or dance that depicts all the organelles and functions of each organelle. It is strongly suggested that you stick a label to identify the organelle you are depicting in the song/dance. If you decide to make more than one scene/act, provide a way to communicate this to the audience. The dance should not be longer than 3 minutes and not shorter than 1. 5 minutes. Record this on video. How to cite Yoyoyo, Papers

Generational Accounting Regulation Theory and Business Application

Question: Discuss about the Generational Accounting Regulation for Theory and Business Application. Answer: Introduction: It has been found that for every bank, ALM is considered as one of the most esoteric purposes. The firm Commonwealth bank also follows the ALM for esoteric principles. Moreover, it has been found that the particular organization Commonwealth bank follows the mathematical formula of assets is equal to the summation of the capital and the liabilities in order to maintain a stable financial condition. The particular bank has asset of an amount of total $ 873 billion and has liabilities of an amount of $ 821 billion and capital of a quantity of $ 52 billion (Deegan 2013). This implies that the specified organization Commonwealth bank follows the ideal formula of asset and liability. However, it has been found that the balance sheet of the CBA Group represents that the total quantity of assets of the firm is more than the summation of total liabilities and capital. The total assets of Commonwealth bank are comprised of home loans of $ 423, other lending assets of $ 202 and other assets of $ 150. On the contrary, the summation of the liabilities is comprised of deposits of $ 460 and other liabilities of $ 94 (Freeman et al. 2014). Therefore, it can be said that the balance sheet is not well structured and thus the firm Commonwealth bank might fail to operate. It has been found that 99 % of the balance sheet is generally prepared based on the accrual accounting (Commbank.com.au 2017). However, it has been noted that underneath the rules of IFRS, all the derivatives are accounted for utilizing the mark-to-market principles of accounting. Thus, the accountant of the firm should suggest various solutions to the problems in order to operate the business successfully. In the organization Commonwealth bank, the primary functions of an accountant include the management of the balance sheet of the bank. Moreover, based on detailed analysis, it can be said that the other role of an accountant in a bank is to stabilize the total interest margin. This particular role of the accountant is achieved through the designing of the product, by controlling and managing the pricing of the goods, using the derivatives and strategic controlling of the mix and the volume (Bonin 2013). In addition to these, the other most important role of an accountant that should be performed by him/ her is to look after the fact that whether the particular bank is running its accounting and financial operations as per the rules and regulations of the accounting standards or principles. Role of a New Graduate Employed in the Organization The role of a new graduate who has been employed in the particular organization Commonwealth bank is to understand the accounting principles that the particular corporation is following presently. In addition to these, the newly employed graduate should also determine the issues that the specified firm faces due to the implementation of a particular set of accounting principles (Van Mourik 2014). According to the issues faced by the firm, the newly employed graduate should suggest for the accurate one for the betterment of the firm. The attributes and the skills that are needed for operating the particular firm are work-content, transferable and self-management. The reason behind this is that the particular skills related to work-content are required for performing the specified occupation. On the other hand, the versatile skills are required as these can be transferred among the occupations. Lastly, the skills of self-management permit the manager to manage the people and their environment. It can be said that the alignment of the skills and the attributes with the requirement of the firms is an important factor. The accurate skills of a manger help him to manage and control the operations of a firm. Moreover, Miihkinen (2014) stated that the qualifications of an individual as well as the hard skills help in aligning the need of the company with the attributes of the manager. The improvement of the attributes as well as the skills of a newly graduated employee can be made by the help of the trainings provided by the human resource manager. Moreover, the practical knowledge of the firm will also help the newly employed employee to gain knowledge. References Bonin, H., 2013.Generational accounting: theory and application. Springer Science Business Media. Commbank.com.au. 2017.Personal banking including accounts, credit cards and home loans - CommBank. [online] Available at: https://www.commbank.com.au/ [Accessed 23 Mar. 2017]. Deegan, C., 2013.Financial accounting theory. McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Freeman, R.J., Shoulders, C.D., Allison, G.S., Smith Jr, G.R. and Becker, C.J., 2014. Governmental and nonprofit accounting: Theory and practice.Jpaejournal of public affairs education volume 20 number 3, p.441. Miihkinen, A., 2014. The routledge companion to accounting, reporting and regulation. Van Mourik, C., 2014. Fundamental issues in financial accounting and reporting theory. Routledge.

In the Land of God and Man free essay sample

An analysis of life in Latin America based on the book In the Land of God and Man: A Latin Womans Journey by Silvana Paternostro. This comparative analysis examines the authors own ethnicity as well as that of Latin America. Discussed are the changes such as socialization, cultural attitudes, laws and customs, which need to be made so women can have more freedom. Essay is based on Silvana Paternostros In the Land of God and Man: A Latin Womans Journey. Paternostro describes how she was awed by mens power, even their signatures, about whom I was consumed with curiosity. What they did, how they talked seemed much more alive than what women did (Paternostro 1999). Men talked of politics and things that seemed so much more important than womens lives. It makes one think of the scene from Gone With the Wind, when the men retire to the library for cigars and brandy. We will write a custom essay sample on In the Land of God and Man or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They close the doors and discuss manly things, while the women tend to womanly things and young girls take naps, far away from the closed doors of the library. And if a female should enter, she might be humored for a moment but was inevitably put in her place. Paternostro described how she too was humored when she dared try to discuss politics with the men, promptly and politely put in her place. She was told, Its not attractive to be so opinioned (Paternostro 1999). She said, My place as a woman was a follower (Paternostro 1999).

Pfizer and the Challenges of the Global Pharmaceutical Industry

Pfizer and the Challenges of the Global Pharmaceutical Industry Identification The case of Pfizer is one of the most interesting studies in the pharmaceutical business. One major reason is that it almost fell into near-death situation, a paradox considering that its mission is treatment of diseases. What happened to this once the biggest global pharmaceutical firm? Who or what was responsible for this fall?Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Pfizer and the Challenges of the Global Pharmaceutical Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pfizer has been a leading drug company, involved in manufacturing of new medicines to treat popular human diseases, like cardiovascular and metabolism diseases. Half of its total revenues were attributed to prescription drugs. Pfizer’s mission and goals were to provide cutting edge research and development in the different operating segments, from product development to the patient’s therapeutic stage, which encompass the productâ €™s life cycle. Pfizer also became actively involved in biotechnology with the acquisition of some biotechnology firms. It has been said that the life-blood of a pharmaceutical firm is in research and development (RD). Although this has to be corrected, since RD is sometimes the â€Å"killer† of a pharmaceutical firm, Pfizer became a leader in the industry because of its RD centers in many parts of the world. These centers created blockbuster drugs and produced profits, but just as many also caused losses for the firm. The fact is Pfizer had many problems – the usual and unusual problems which pharmaceuticals face in the course of inventing new medicines for new diseases, recovering the costs for inventing and pre-testing those medicines, maintaining the hold as the leader of top pharmaceutical firms, among others. Pfizer lost profits by inventing one drug after another; the main causes were the usual ones – side effects, human safety concerns, etc. The caus es were internal and external ones – a scenario all managers abhor and would love to close shop. Analysis and evaluation From its financial report for the year then ended 2012 (2012 Financial Report, 2012), Pfizer had total revenues of $58.986 billion. The medicines that were originally manufactured in Pfizer’s manufacturing plants, ranging from the Lyrica and Viagra to the Primarin family, produced those revenues.Advertising Looking for case study on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of the products lost their momentum along the way, creating a negative impact costing millions of dollars in research and development and in the pre-clinical testing and actual testing processes. A recapitulation of the expenses and income generated from the invented/manufactured medicines is shown in Appendix 1. The calculations in this attachment were rounded off to provide simplicity in the figures. The overall performance showed that revenues went down in 2012. Appendix 1 shows that Pfizer had an operating profit margin of $0.67 billion, which is short of saying that this is what (or how) the company got from its invested money without charges. The amount is rather low if we have to consider the resources that the company had spent and exerted. The explanation in the financial report stated that the losses were due to the negative impact made by its major product, the Lipitor, amounting to $7.7 billion, equal to 12% of the total revenues for the year (2012 Financial Report, 2012, p. 15). The financial report made mention of the negative impact of the manufactured drugs, and the decrease of sales of the drugs (2012 Financial Report, 2012, p. 2). Kindler announced the dismissal of 10,000 employees, mostly from European branches and RD centers. Those who were retained came from the US branches. This is because the United States and North America have largely contributed to the a nnual revenues. US Per capita spending on pharmaceutical products is 728, which is larger than the European countries even those from France and Germany. SWOT Analysis Strength Pfizer’s assets have been earned and built through the years: it has adequate financial resources to counter the tides of weak sales or any downturn. Its strength lies in its standing in the industry – it is a recognized leader. Its commitment to RD is also well recognized as it spends millions to invent and manufacture medicines for emerging diseases. The period of Kindler’s entry in the company was described as slow growth – the company was in the verge of a sharp decline from all its sales of the various manufactured drugs, to include the Lipitor. But Kindler’s entry was seen as strength because of the changes he introduced which produced positive results.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Pfizer and the Challenges of the Global Pharmaceutical Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Weakness The drug Lipitor was a problem; a paradox because they used to call it a blockbuster. At first, Lipitor contributed to the firm’s sales, reaching up to US$13 billion, equal to 40% of Pfizer’s total profit. The firm developed another medicine called â€Å"Torcetrapib†, believed to be the successor of Lipitor, but the drug also created a problem in the human safety aspect. Opportunity From the case analysis and perusal of the 2012 Financial Statement, we can conclude that Pfizer is capitalizing on the manufactured drugs for the various diseases. These drugs are the lifeblood of the company. While some drugs made some setbacks, most of them are selling good and have provided profits. The expired patents still earned profits for Pfizer considering that it has rights to the sale of generic drugs. Threats As it has always been said, there’s strong competition in the ph armaceutical industry. Firms compete to introduce new drugs and manufacture patented drugs and generic drugs. Pfizer is strongly competing with GSK, Sanofi-aventis, Novartis, JJ, which are giants in their own right. Before a drug is introduced in the market, firms already compete to manufacture and own the patent for the still undeveloped drug. Discussion of alternatives The inside and outside factors provided a negative environment for Pfizer. There were many changes that Pfizer had to deal with; one concerned price setting. For example in 2005, the German government reduced the prices for all types of drugs. This paved the way to reimbursing the medical expenses of those who took Lipitor. The drug’s price also had to be reduced. The price reduction and the reimbursement produced a negative impact on Pfizer. Price continued to pressure in other parts of Europe, particularly in the United Kingdom whose government issued the Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme (PPRC) which set profit ceilings on all kinds of drugs. It created a unified reaction from the different pharmaceutical firms, while others considered it ‘extortion’. Pfizer was very much affected by the price scheme. The invention of drugs, to include research and development, pre-clinical testing and testing, and manufacturing, takes about ten to fifteen years. When it is introduced in the market as a safe drug, a considerable amount of time, money, and resources of the company have already been spent. When the drug has to be withdrawn from the market because of safety issues, the investing firm will already have lost millions of dollars. But this is not to say that it losses every time it manufactures medicines. Return of investment also provides millions, if not billions, of dollars.Advertising Looking for case study on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pfizer introduced innovations to counter the negative image and also to minimize unnecessary costs and increase profits. The alternatives were said to be revolutionary because they were introduced by a new brand of management, that of Kindler. But the innovations proved to be effective, even if it cost firing thousands of jobs. Regarding its products, it appears that Pfizer will continue to earn profits from the manufacture of medicines. This is its prime source of revenues and will continue to be so in the future. Recommendations/Implementability Pfizer had to continue this strategy of convincing doctors to prescribe branded medicines to their patients because this is where most of their profits for drugs come. Moreover, Pfizer has been promoting their drugs through advertisements and the Internet. This year, Pfizer promoted vaccination in Ireland. Although it was a marketing strategy, it was also part of the firm’s corporate social responsibility. Health care for children i s one of Pfizer’s primary goals. Kindler’s goals have become Pfizer’s mission – health care for the different segments the firm has targeted. Research and development has been very much improved ever since the company has streamlined, modified the corporate structure and introduced changes and innovations, particularly in the RD centers all throughout the world. By continuing the changes in the area of RD and the focus on the five segments, Pfizer will continue to recover the losses and regain the leadership in the pharmaceutical industry. Competition continues in this industry, but focusing on servicing and providing health through the introduction of new medicines, this firm will continue to recover and maintain the lead. Pfizer’s drugs have helped the ageing population and the fight against cancer and AIDS which formerly had no cure. However, by continuing on their cutting-edge method in RD and the operating costs in the millions and dollars, it may affect the firm’s goal of increasing profits. The goal of service to humanity has to continue but it may affect profits. Kindler’s aim was to minimize losses in the RD areas by conducting collaborative efforts with other companies. In short, Pfizer had to focus on transparency by opening to the public and acquiring more acquisitions. Kindler motivated the new sales force to boost sales. But all these efforts tended not to help Pfizer. When Kindler announced the dismissal of thousands of employees, the stock market negatively responded with a sharp fall. References 2012 Financial report. (2012). Retrieved from https://www.pfizer.com/sites/default/files/annualreport/2012/financial/financial2012.pdf Appendix 1 Goods sold = $12 billion (Lyrica, Celebrex, Viagra, and others) 6 billion (Norvasac and the Primarin family) Total Sales = $18 billion (for the various medicines manufactured) Cost of goods sold (expenses) = $11.3 billion Gross profit margin = Sales – Co st of goods sold Sales = $18 billion – $11.3 billion $18 billion = $0.372 billion (margin provided to cover operating expenses) Operating profit margin = 12.08 billion 18billion = 0.67 billion Net profit margin = Profits after taxes Sales = 12.08 – 7.64 18 Net profit margin = $0.25 billion Taxes Taxes on income = $2.56 billion Discontinued ops. = 5.08 billion Total taxes = $7.64 billion Return on total assets = Profits after taxes total assets = 4.4 billion 58.986 billion = $0.074 billion

Sociology of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sociology of Education - Essay Example The new approach to education supports the idea that these are the families and private persons, who must be responsible for education, leaving minimum space for old objects of regulation. The incidence of state decreased, whereas the society is treated in terms of market and economy. The society is under reconstruction. But due to the fact that many state responsibilities inherent to old model of society are about to disappear, the rights of citizens are suppressed by the consumer rights. So some elements of solving the problems in the sphere of education were passed to the private sector. Present financial crisis and economic decline that still goes on both in the UK and the USA make evident that educational system is revised and reassessed. There are some points that are common for the both countries and these points are most demonstrative factors to show that revision is necessary, as it is dictated by the conditions of reality. These factors are as follows: it is a tendency to blame teachers for level of education doesn't meet the requirements of the society, as well as reducing the funds that are meant for educational needs and putting higher standards with the help of market management. This resulted in a flood of laws and recommendations given to the representatives of educational system. However, a significant part of these recommendations appeared to be a factor disturbing, rather than supporting the teachers in the process of changes made. The attempts of changing existing conditions have some differences in the USA and the UK and can be better seen in comparison. The essence of the educational reform in the USA lies in restructuring, in other words, providing for definite changes in structure, environment, organizations and curriculum of educational system. Changes include giving parents more opportunities of participating in school life and learning, or creating councils, or establishing school management and common problem-solving. Hallinger & Hausman (1993) described a plan that includes major points that should be taken into consideration while working upon the plans of reconstruction: "the decentralization of authority through school-based management; shared decision-making at each school site; a system of controlled parental choice concerning pupil attendance; and curricula organized around distinctive themes reflecting different educational philosophies ... The primary motivation was the district's commitment to the development of a viable and effective way to attain ethnic balance in its elementary schools." (Hallinger, P. & Hausman, C. 1993) The frames and schemes of restructuring differ in various states, cities and schools, but there is one general idea of reformation which is implemented in all these plans of restructuring. Some schools regard changes in structure as obligatory, the others find them optional. However, one of the most meaningful issues that refer to the essence of reformation is its effect on the nature, purpose and content of the teacher's functions. Usually restructuring presupposes a change from stressed administrative role to a flexible leadership, while in the

Woodrow Wilson vs Henry Cabot Lodge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Woodrow Wilson vs Henry Cabot Lodge - Essay Example Summarize both positions" October 08, 2013 Essay, History and Political Science: Woodrow Wilson vs Henry Cabot LodgE This paper discuses the conflict and dispute between Mr. Woodrow Wilson, the Democrat President of USA and Henry Cabot Lodge, the Republican chairperson of the Senate Foreign relations Committee, in 1919 after WWI. The arguments were about the League of Nations that was formed as a part of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. This paper summarizes the augments and positions of both personalities. The discussion will also examine the vision that was most appropriate for the US in 1919 and which is most appropriate for the US today. Summary of arguments by Mr. Wilson: Before WWI USA lived in a state of isolation, separated as it was from Europe by the great ocean and it did adopted the policy of 'isolationism'. Britain and other European nations forced many trade restrictions on USA in a bid to curb its influence. During WWI, USA did not initially join the war and it only join ed later and sided with the allies and its participation turned the tide and the allies won the war. President Wilson wanted to make use of this newfound status as a powerful force and supported the League of Nations. The League was a formal group of nations that had the main mission of maintaining peace and avoiding wars.

Proposal on Higher Education in Qatar Research Paper

Proposal on Higher Education in Qatar - Research Paper Example 1. Introduction Satellite campuses are normally planned to facilitate those who cannot visit the main campus because of the distance. Programs offered at these campuses offer access to higher education for learners who cannot go to traditional campus because of the travel time. It as well offers a cost-effective way to for students within nearby regions (Rovai et al, 2008). Satellite campuses in Qatar are developed to facilitate learners who cannot travel a long way from home for their education due to personal responsibilities, monetary restraints, and / or other issues. The accessibility of such campuses also boost higher schooling enrollment by non-conventional learners (Mohamed, 2005). Qatar foundation has adopted electronic communications technology to ease the functions of satellite campuses. Classes carried out in main campus can be broadcasted to other places by means of distance education, students in satellite campuses can browse library materials on the main campus by elec tronic means, and technology permits the institution to manage registration, enrollments, and monetary assistance dealings distantly. 1.1 Background and Significance Satellite campuses give a chance to learners to continue higher studies without the need of traveling far from their residences. They have been developed to offer financial incentive to a depressed region, and have provided access to students who would â€Å"otherwise not have had a university option† (Simonson et al, 2011). These learners are also from lesser financial status, maybe educationally underprivileged. They are no less worthy for a good quality learning experience than their associate students in city or main provincial campuses, where ‘economies of scale’ are feasible, amenities are well recognized and workforce is additionally skilled. Flexible deliverance via contemporary interactions in addition to information technology can productively sustain small and distant satellite campuses. 1 .2 Research Statement ‘To investigate Qatari students' preferences toward different higher education systems in Qatar’ 1.3 Research Questions 1. Why did students opt for satellite campus instead traditional campus? 2. Were the learning outcomes (assessed by grades and perceived level of learning) are different for satellite campus and traditional campus? 3. What is the perception of students about quality of education in satellite campus versus traditional campus? 2. Literature Review It has been the policy of Qatar Government during recent times to raise admission to higher education. Total numbers have increased; and a bigger percentage of school dropouts have taken admission again. There have been courses to aim at and support recognized justice groups. There have been actions taken to assess the access, involvement, achievement and maintenance of these factions of students in every higher education institute. When the expressions ‘flexible delivery’ as well as ‘flexible education’ initially linked with admired educational jargon, â€Å"they meant little more to many people than paper-based distance learning, like the correspondence courses which had been around for some decades, and the way many students had already earned their degrees†

Allogeneic MCSs to make Cartilage for Knee Function

Allogeneic MCSs to make Cartilage for Knee Function INTRODUCTION: 1.1 What is Osteoarthritis? Articular cartilage is a highly resilient hyaline tissue composed of chondrocytes and surrounded by extracellular matrix present in a joint which act as shock absorber, protects the bones from the friction and wear and helps in smooth movement of the joint (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). Osteoarthritis is a disease of joint where lack of cartilage causes musculoskeletal pain and restriction of the movement or disability of the joint for the patient. (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010) (Duthey, 2015). Reasons for cartilage damage are: The impact / blow caused during sport activities or accident Wear and tear because of overuse of a joint (Observed in elderly people) Lack of movement (Medical News Today, 2017) Figure No.1. Osteoarthritis Affected Region Image Source: www.osteoosteoOsteoarthritisresearchuk.org Osteoarthritis can affect any joint present in the body. As the knee-joint Osteoarthritis is the most common type of Osteoarthritis, in this report, we will discuss about knee-joint Osteoarthritis only. Tibiofemoral and patellofemoral are the two articular surfaces that the knee consists of. As it can be seen in the below image, the damaged cartilage, reduces the gap between joint and friction is generated between the bones which ultimately results in bone erosion and causes muscle pain or inflammation or restriction to the movement. Figure No.2. Osteoarthritis affected Knee Image Source: http://www.bupa.co.uk/health-information/directory/o/Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis is estimated to affect 250 million people worldwide. Osteoarthritis sufferers include men and women, children and adults. And according to World Health Organization, 30% of men and women over the age of 65 have Osteoarthritis (Woolf and Pfleger, 2003). Worldwide, 9.6% of men and 18.0% of women over the age of 60 years have symptomatic Osteoarthritis. Approximately 80% of those with Osteoarthritis will have limitations in movement, and 25% cannot perform their major activities of daily life (Duthey, 2015). Figure No.3. Prevalence of Osteoarthritis of Knee Image Source: Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions, Bulletin of the WHO 2003 1.2 Treatments available for Osteoarthritis: There are various ways to cure Osteoarthritis when it is at the initial level, such as: Exercise and weight loss Bracing Medication Viscosupplementation Nutritional supplements (Duthey, 2015). But when it becomes incurable by exercise and medication, surgical operations must be performed. Surgical procedures include: Debridement i.e. Smoothening of the cartilage using surgical instruments Marrow Stimulation, a treatment which helps in regrowth of cartilage in the joint (but this process is less reliable) (Treatment Options for Osteoarthritis in the Knee, 2017). Mosaicplasty, a process where the cartilage from some other joint of body is used. But this process has size limitations (Medical News Today, 2017). Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation, a treatment in which a small part of no-load bearing cartilage is removed from the joint of the patient by Arthroscopy, regrown and multiplied in the laboratory and then implanted back in the body by a procedure called arthrotomy. (Cartilage Repair, 2017) (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010) (Duthey, 2015). Even though the Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation seems effective and easy, it has many disadvantages such as: The patients cartilage sample must be removed by a medical procedure, marked/tagged and treated separately just like blood sample. This treatment requires big Logistics and Supply Chain. It requires a lot of time (approximately 6 weeks) for cells to multiply. Hence, till then the patient will suffer from pain (Peretti et al. 2000). 1.3 Proposed Treatment for Osteoarthritis: All these problems can be solved by Allogeneic Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell. For autologous transplant donor and receiver are same, whereas for allogeneic transplant, the donor and the receiver are different. The selection of the donor must be done carefully cause if the tissue type, i.e. HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens) doesnt match, the patients body will treat the transplanted organ or tissue as a foreign body. It might result in GVHD i.e. Graft Vs Host Disease. It is a fatal immune system response against stem cell transplant (Si et al. 2011). Selection of donor for allogeneic transplant: Syngeneic (i.e. Twins) It is the perfect HLA match, but very few people have a twin. HLA- matched relative (sibling) It is the second preferred option as HLA will be closely matched. HLA-matched unrelated donor, it can be possible to find a donor whose HLA matches to the patient. HLA-mismatched family member, even though the HLA doesnt match, it has great chance that patients body may accept it. Umbilical cord blood, stem cells retrieved during birth of the patient and preserved in a cell bank. It will be safest of all but stem cells must be available (Flomenberg et al. 2004). Hence, allogeneic implant will make sure that the patient wont have to undergo two medical procedures, as seen in autologous chondrocyte implantation. 1.4 What are HMSCs? HMSC means Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells. They are multipotent cells, which have the ability to transform into bone, muscle, fat or cartilage, etc. upon the proper simulation of providing environmental conditions in the laboratory. They have potential for regeneration (Si et al. 2011) (Li, LHeureux and Elisseeff, 2011) (Wei, 2013). Figure No.4. Potential of MSCs Image Source: http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/241215.php Figure No.5. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Image Source: http://www.cytopeutics.com/IntroductionOfStemCells.html For knee restoration, cartilage cells are needed. Hence, the MSCs will be simulated for cartilage development. MSCs exists in almost all tissues. These cells can be easily obtained from bone marrow, adipose tissue, cord cells and molar cells, fetal liver, muscle, and lung (Ahmed and Hincke, 2014) (Si et al. 2011). 1.5 Product delivery to the Patient: For blood transfusion, the blood group and presence of Rh factor is checked and the matching blood is introduced into the body. Similarly, after checking the tissue (HLA) match, the best matching cells are chosen and regrown exponentially in the controlled environment of a laboratory. When the required number of cells, shape, and size is achieved, the cartilage is implanted into the patient via an open joint surgery named arthrotomy. This implanted cartilage will function exactly as that of the original cartilage. This cartilage will function properly for approximately 10 years (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). 1.7 Functioning of the product in the patients body: Since, the HLA was matched, and the cartilage is manufactured using MSCs which has the same functional properties and characteristics that of the original cartilage, the function of the joint will return to normal. There wont be any complication after the treatment and that graft will be accepted by the body as a part of it, it wont be treated as a foreign body. MANUFACTURING FEASIBILITY REVIEW: 2.1 Current Manufacturing Technology and Scope for Future: Currently, the knee restoration is done via other surgical procedures. But because of those procedures have many limitations and they give only temporary relief, allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy will replace them in the coming time. Mesenchymal Stem Cell therapy is currently under development. Various tests are being performed on them in the laboratory (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). First, the bone marrow or adipose tissue or cord sample is collected from the donor. Then the mesenchymal stem cells are separated out from other cells, such as fat or muscle by centrifugation or apheresis. These two density separation processes are feasible only for liquid. For the extraction from solid tissues, the slices of tissue are digested by the enzymes such as trypsin or collagenase. It breaks the bonding of cells i.e. the extracellular matrix (ECM) that holds the cells. Hence, the cell line is found (Li, LHeureux and Elisseeff, 2011). Then the cells are harvested. During the cell culture process, there are various parameters that need to be monitored, little inconsistency will result in subnormal product or it might be just a waste of product. Temperature, humidity, oxygen, pH level of the cell culture reagent, nutrient supply and waste removal are the physical parameters and cell count and cell viability are the biological parameters that need to be monitored (Schwamb, Puskeiler and Wiedemann, 2015). Once the desired number of cells is achieved, boundary for CMB (Condensed Mesenchymal Cell Bodies) is set. Then the cells are condensed to increase the seeding density as the cartilage requires higher seeding density. Then the fusion of the CMB happens. Now this fused CMB is pressurized against a porous decellularized bone matrix to create dense cellular region i.e. cartilage (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). As the knee joint is a mechanical tissue, physical stimulation is needed for its development. However, excessive stimulation can lead to cartilage damage (Ahmed and Hincke, 2010). Cartilage then sticks to the surface of that bone matrix and takes its shape while growing around it. Then it is removed from the bone matrix to implant into the knee joint of the patient (Bhumiratana et al. 2014). Figure No.6. Condensed Mesenchymal Cell Bodies Fusion Image Source: http://www.pnas.org/content/111/19/6940.abstract Currently, only culture plates and culture flasks are being used for allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells as it is still in testing phase (Schwamb, Puskeiler, and Wiedemann, 2015). Figure No.7. Culture flasks and plates Image Source: https://www.shutterstock.com But monitoring all these parameters becomes very hard when using flasks and plates. And the cells need to be shifted into bigger containers frequently. Also, flasks and plates are not useful for mass production because of size limitation and economic consideration. Hence, a device named bioreactor can replace them and still perform all those tasks efficiently. Figure No.8. Bioreactor for mass Cell Culture Image Source: http://www.bioc.rice.edu/bios576/nih_bioreactor/NDL_Bioreactor%20Page.html It is a container which is feasible for both aerobic and anaerobic cell culture and can be used for suspended as well as immobilized cells (Sandhya Anand, 2017). It can be operated in batch, fed batch and continuous mode. As MSCs are surface anchorage dependent, the extra agitation or stirring might result in damage to the tissue. And the MSCs require oxygen to grow, so it will be an aerobic, immobilized, batch production bioreactor. (Martin, Wendt and Heberer, 2004) (Oragui, Nannaparaju and Khan, 2011). 2.2 Challenges in mass production of MSCs: Large scale in vitro expansion of MSCs is very complex because maintaining cells quality attributes such as identity, potency, purity and safety is extremely hard. It is hard to monitor that the cells are not undergoing any quality changes while expansion and harvesting. Another challenge is obtaining required no of cells and their recovery. MSCs are not suspension type, but anchorage dependent therefore the surface area for anchorage and proliferation must be taken into account. As allogeneic treatments are supposed to be for a lot of people, hence the required no of cells must be extremely large. There are 3 major and 3 minor types of HLAs in MHC Class I and 3 major and 2 minor types of HLAs in MHC Class II. So, there are lots of variants to manufacture and maintain for the cartilage manufacturer. 2.3 Clinical Demand for Dosage: Even though there are 250 million people suffering from Osteoarthritis and 3.6% of them are suffering from knee Osteoarthritis i.e. 9 million people. More than 600,000 knee replacements are performed each year in the United States alone (A Nation in Motion, 2017). In UK 160,000 knee replacement surgeries are performed every year (Joint replacement statistics, 2017). As the cartilage manufactured in the laboratory exhibit almost similar properties that to the natural cartilage, it is expected to last approximately 50-60 years (i.e. Average human life) if there are no unexpected tragedies. Hence, once treated properly, the patient wont have to worry about the joint in his life again. 2.4 Supply Chain for Product: Figure No.9. Formation of Master Cell Bank First the cell line is chosen for culturing, it can be a well-known cell line or a newly found cell line. After certain passages, when the desired number of cells is achieved, the Master Cell Bank will be established. In this case, many Master Cell Banks are needed as there are many types of tissues. Then one portion of master cell bank will be used for research purpose, i.e. the working cell bank and the rest will be cryopreserved for future use. Good manufacturing practice protocol should be followed during cell culturing. Figure No.10. Clinical Process for Cell Culturing The working cell bank will be used for manufacturing of cells for mass production after testing is performed. Several production runs (i.e. Passages) will be performed to obtain the required number of cells. Then the cells will be cryopreserved in central storage and distributed via local channels until there is a patient who needs them. 2.5 Risk Assessment: The main aim of risk assessment is to prevent transmission of diseases, and avoid harm to individuals and the environment. In many countries, the performance of risk assessment is a legal requirement. (University of Manitoba) Risk Impact Probability of Occurrence Mitigation Strategy Tissue/cell origin Rejection of Cells Low Thorough testing of cell line Lack of Donor History Transmission of Disease Low Choosing a donor carefully Mismatch of HLA Graft vs Host Disease Intermediate Careful matching of HLA Environmental Changes Change in cell Quality High Close monitoring of environmental conditions Plasma Derived Material Cell line contamination with unwanted cells High Proper filtration of MSCs (Herberts, Kwa and Hermsen, 2011) 2.6 Biosafety Measure: Depending upon the as the product is human derived, Biosafety Level 2 practices, equipment and facilities are chosen. It is most suitable for clinical, diagnostic and teaching purposes. Laboratory personnel must maintain hygiene while entering and exiting the lab. Decontaminated of potentially infectious material must be done before disposal, either by a disinfectant, or by autoclaving. Personal protective equipment is only required when there is a possibility of exposure to hazardous material. The laboratory must be isolated from the general building. Laboratory personnel must be trained in handling pathogenic agents. Access to the laboratory should be limited during the work. Certain procedures in which infectious aerosols or splashes may be created biological safety cabinets or other physical containment equipment should be used and the rest can be performedÂÂ   on the open bench. Biosafety level 2 is suitable for indigenous moderate-risk agents. This includes various microbes that cause mild disease to humans, or are difficult to contract via aerosol in a lab setting, human derived blood, body fluid, tissues, or primary cell lines (Inc, 2017). PROCESS MAP AND CELL GROWTH ANALYSIS: 3.1 Process Map: Figure No.11. Process Map for HMSC Therapy Process Description: Cell lines are created/chosen for each type of tissue (HLA). Shipping of the tissue sample to cell therapy processing facility. HMSC isolation and culturing in culture chambers (manual production using culture flask or culture plate) or bioreactor is performed. Fresh HMSCs are then tested for various parameters such as identity, potency, purity and safety, the modifications are done. Aliquoting of HMSC samples (i.e. Master Cell Bank) is done. Freezing and storage at -196 ÂÂ °C in Vapor Liquid Nitrogen (i.e. Cryopreservation) for future reference and use is done (Inc, 2017). Cells are thawed i.e. their temperature is brought up to normal room temperature and further increased to 37 ÂÂ °C (Normal Body Temperature) for best cell growth result (Inc, 2017). Cell characterization per release Criteria for Thawed HMSCs Expansion of thawed HMSCs using an incubator and/or bioreactor for production. Activation of HMSCs into final cell therapy product. Shipping of final product to medical treatment centre. Implantation of the cartilage into the patient by open joint surgery, i.e. arthrotomy (Harel, 2013). Cell Growth Analysis: As there are many types of tissues (HLA), testing for all of them must be performed and validated. Hence, the whole process will be repeated several times for each type of cells. Input Data: Desired seeding density= 1 million/ml Duration of Passage= 72 hours Doubling Time= 36 hours Efficiency= 80% (Average efficiency) Input Vial contains= 1.00E+09 cells Dose per Patient= 1.00E+09 cells =1 vial of dose Growth Rate= Ln (2) /Doubling Time= 0.019254 Seeding Density 1,000,000 Passage Duration 72 Doubling Time 36 Efficiency 0.8 Input Vial 1.00E+09 Growth Rate 0.019254 Phase 1 15 Patients Flask Dose Per Patient 1.00E+09 T25 MCB Creation Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note T75 Thaw 1.00E+09 800.00 8.00E+08 All Flask of Same Size T175 Passage 1 700 6.40E+08 2560.00 2.56E+09 4*T175 T500 Passage 2 2500 2.05E+09 8192.00 8.19E+09 5*T500 T650 Passage 3 7800 6.55E+09 26214.40 2.62E+10 6*T1300 T1300 Passage 4 26000 2.10E+10 83886.08 8.39E+10 1*T26000 T3250 T6500 T26000 MCBs Created 21.51 Equivalent Vials 83.89 Cells Per 5-Layer flask 3.90E+09 Phase 1 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Dosages 3.27E+01 2.62E+01 For Phase 1 Testing 21 Master Cell Banks will be created in a 5-layer flask (T3250). It would be equivalent to the size of 83.89 input vials after 4 passages. From those 21 cell banks, 1 will be thawed and the rest will be cryopreserved. That 1 cell bank will be chosen as working cell bank and will be harvested for production. During Phase 1, treating 30 patients will be the target. Hence, 30 vials of doses should be manufactured during phase one. Every time 20% loss of cells is considered while changing the flask. And During passages, exponential growth will take place. Formula for Exponential Growth is: The Ideal surface area is calculated by: Flask size was kept uniform during every passage. And Actual Surface Area was always chosen less than Ideal Surface Area to maintain the desired density and environment. Flask of capacity 5-Layer was chosen for MCB creation. Calculations for MCB, Number of doses, After successful testing of phase 1, phase 2 will begin where 300 patients will be treated. So, 300 vials of cells will be required. PHASE 2 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Passage 3 32500 2.62E+10 104715.39 1.05E+11 5*T6500 Passage 4 104000 8.38E+10 335089.26 3.35E+11 4*T26000 Dosages 3.35E+02 For Phase 2 Testing After successful testing of phase 1 and phase 2, phase 3 will begin when mass production will start and 100s of 1000s of people will be treated with allogeneic HMSC derived cartilage. PHASE 3 Real SA Input Ideal SA Output Note Thaw 3.99E+09 3195.66 3.20E+09 Passage 1 3000 2.56E+09 10226.11 1.02E+10 6*T500 Passage 2 9100 8.18E+09 32723.56 3.27E+10 7*T1300 Passage 3 32500 2.62E+10 104715.39 1.05E+11 5*T6500 Passage 4 104000 8.38E+10 335089.26 3.35E+11 4*T26000 Passage 5 312000 2.68E+11 1072285.63 1.07E+12 12*T26000 Passage 6 1066000 8.58E+11 3431314.00 3.43E+12 41*T26000 Passage 7 3406000 2.75E+12 10980204.81 1.10E+13 131*T26000 Dosages 1.10E+04 For Phase 3 Since, there are 7 passages the process to manufacture 11000 vials will require approximately 25 (considered an extra time for changing flask) days. And at that rate 15 batches will be produced per year and approximately 165000 patients can be treated per year. As there are 6 types of tissues (HLA) total number of patients treated will be 990000 approximately. It will be equivalent to 11% of global demand. Using Bioreactor for Phase 3: Instead of using Culture flasks or plates, a bioreactor can be used for cell culturing. To check which of these two techniques will be more efficient, all the parameters are kept same. And total time of 7 passages will be considered as one passage time for bioreactor. Passage Duration 504 Doubling Time 36 PHASE

Conditional and Iterative Data Types :: Essays Papers

Conditional and Iterative Data Types Conditional and Iterative A programming language cannot be a programming language with out its conditional and iterative structures. Programming languages are built to accomplish the task of controlling computer input and output. A programmer must use every tool available to complete his/her given tasks, and conditional as well as iterative statements are the most basic items of programming which must be mastered. Many different programming languages can demonstrate conditional and iterative statements including C++, Java, Pascal, Qbasic, COBOL, and Scheme. Most of these languages implement conditional and iterative statements in a similar fashion; however, there are a few differences. The conditional structure is easy to understand and self-defining. The whole statement is base on a condition and its veracity. When the statement or "test" is found to be true, a statement is executed, and if it is false, another test is given or the program continues to the next block. Conditional structures include the simple, two-alternative, multi-alternative, and non-deterministic conditional. The simple conditional is the easiest to understand being the IF-THEN statement. if *Boolean expression* then *block of statements* IF a condition is met THEN execute a statement. The two-alternative conditional or IF-ELSE is also easy to understand. if *Boolean expression* then *block of statements* else *block of statements* IF a condition is met execute a statement; ELSE the condition was not met so execute a different statement. The multi-alternative conditional is very close to the two-alternative conditional. if *condition-1* then *statement-block-1* elseif *condition-2* then *statement-block-2* †¦ elseif *condition-n* then *statement-block-n* [else *statement-block-(n+1)*] end if The IF question is asked about a statement, and if it is not true, the next statement is examined. If statement number two is not true, the next statement is examined; then the next statement is examined and so forth until a condition is met, and the control is carried out of the multi-alternative conditional. The non-deterministic conditional is similar to the multi-alternative conditional, because it has multiple conditionals. if *condition-1*  *statement-sequence-1* when *condition-2*  *statement-sequence-2* †¦ when *condition-n*  *statement-sequence-n* end if The reason multi-alternative and non-deterministic conditionals are different, stems from the release of program's control or flow. The non-deterministic conditional tests each statement to see if its condition is met; whereas the multi-alternative conditional only tests statements until one of the conditions is met. After one of the conditions is met, the multi-alternative conditional releases the program control and fails to check anymore statements.